2-dars · Dars qoʻllanmasi
Present Perfect Simple and Continuous
Salom, aziz oʻquvchim!
Salom! 1-darsda ikki hozirgi zamonni ishlatdingiz. Bugun oʻtmishni hozir bilan bogʻlaymiz.
“I’ve written two essays” va “I’ve been writing essays all morning” — ikkalasi ham toʻgʻri, lekin har xil maʼno beradi. Birinchisi natija haqida. Ikkinchisi esa jarayon va u qancha davom etgani haqida.
Bu shakllar IELTSning hamma joyida uchraydi: Writing Task 1da (“The number of students has doubled”), Speaking Part 1da (“I’ve been studying English for three years”) va tendensiyalar haqidagi Reading matnlarida.
Mashqlarda koʻrishguncha,Oʻqituvchingiz
Brauzeringizda inglizcha ovoz yoʻq, shuning uchun tinglash tugmalari yashirilgan. Hammasi sahifada yozilgan.
Ikki shakl, ikki savol
Ikkala shakl ham oʻtmishni hozir bilan bogʻlaydi. Oʻzingizdan soʻrang: natija haqida gapiryapmanmi yoki jarayon haqida?
Natija
Present Perfect Simple: have / has + V3
Ish tugagan va natijasi koʻrinadi, koʻpincha son bilan: nechta, qancha.
- I’ve written two essays this week.
- She has finished her course.
- The number of online students has doubled.
Jarayon
Present Perfect Continuous: have / has been + V-ing
Ish oʻtmishda boshlangan va hali davom etyapti yoki hozirgina toʻxtagan. Bizni qancha vaqt davom etgani qiziqtiradi.
- I’ve been studying for three hours.
- He has been teaching here since 2015.
- Tuition fees have been rising for years.
Iz
Hozir izi koʻrinib turibdi
Hozir koʻrinib turgan narsani tushuntiradigan yaqindagi jarayon uchun continuous shaklni ishlating.
- Your eyes are red. Have you been crying?
- I’m tired because I’ve been revising all night.
Esda tuting!
Qancha / nechta → Present Perfect Simple. Qancha vaqtdan beri → Present Perfect Continuous.
Vaqt soʻzlari
Eshitish uchun bosing. “For” — vaqt davri, “since” — boshlanish nuqtasi.
for three years
(uch yildan beri)
davr: for two hours, for a long time
since 2020
(2020-yildan beri)
boshlanish nuqtasi: since Monday, since I was a child
How long have you been learning English?
How long → continuous
How many books have you read?
How many → simple
already, yet, just
odatda simple shakl bilan
all day, all morning, lately, recently
koʻpincha continuous shakl bilan
Koʻp uchraydigan xatolar
Xato: I study English since 2019.Toʻgʻri: I’ve been studying English since 2019.
Since / for + hozirgacha → present simple emas, present perfect.
Xato: I’ve been knowing her for years.Toʻgʻri: I’ve known her for years.
Know, believe, own, understand — holat feʼllari: -ing olmaydi.
Xato: I’ve been writing three essays today.Toʻgʻri: I’ve written three essays today.
Tugagan narsalar soni → simple.
Oʻqituvchingizdan eslatma
Bu uch xato koʻp oʻquvchilarga Writing va Speakingda grammatika balini yoʻqotadi.
Speaking imtihonida
- Examiner
How long have you been studying English?
- Aziz
I’ve been studying it for about six years, since I started secondary school.
- Examiner
Have you taken any English exams?
- Aziz
Yes, I’ve taken two practice tests this year, and I’ve improved a lot.
Aziz qancha vaqt uchun continuous, nechta uchun simple shaklni ishlatdi. Zamonlarning bunday xilma-xilligi grammatika balini oshiradi.
Oʻzingizni tekshiring
“I’ve been reading this book” yoki “I’ve read this book”: qaysi biri kitobni tugatganingizni bildiradi?
For yoki since: ___ last September.
Qaysi feʼl bu yerda -ing olmaydi? know / work / study
Endi navbat sizda!
8 ta qisqa qism, har biri oldingisidan biroz qiyinroq. Shoshilmang: xato qilib oʻrganamiz.
— Oʻqituvchingiz