2-dars · Dars qoʻllanmasi
Perfect Aspect: Present, Past and Future Perfect
Salom, aziz oʻquvchim!
Salom! 6.5 ballda imtihonchilar voqealar shunchaki sodir boʻlganini emas, ular vaqt jihatidan qanday bogʻlanganini koʻrsata olishingizni koʻrishni xohlaydi. Perfect aspekt aynan shuni qiladi.
Har bir perfect shakl maʼlum bir vaqt nuqtasidan orqaga qaraydi. Present perfect hozirdan orqaga qaraydi: “Enrolment has risen since 2015.” Past perfect oʻtmishdagi nuqtadan orqaga qaraydi: “By 2010, fees had already doubled.” Future perfect kelajakdagi nuqtadan orqaga qaraydi: “By 2030, the number will have doubled.”
Writing Task 1da bu shakllar kelajakka choʻzilgan grafikni tasvirlashga yordam beradi. Readingda qaysi voqea oldin boʻlganini koʻrsatadi. Speakingda tajribangiz haqida gapirishga yordam beradi. Bugun toʻgʻrisini tez va aniq tanlashni oʻrganasiz.
Mashqlarda koʻrishguncha,Oʻqituvchingiz
Brauzeringizda inglizcha ovoz yoʻq, shuning uchun tinglash tugmalari yashirilgan. Hammasi sahifada yozilgan.
Uchta shakl, bitta gʻoya
Har bir perfect shakl oldingi harakatni keyingi tayanch nuqtaga bogʻlaydi. Avval tayanch nuqtani toping.
Hozirdan orqaga
Present perfect: have / has + V3
Hozirgacha davom etayotgan davr (since, for, so far, in recent years) yoki hozir natijasi bor oʻtgan harakat. Tugagan vaqt soʻzlari yoʻq (in 2010, ago, last year).
- Enrolment has risen steadily since 2015.
- The university has opened two new campuses.
Oʻtmishdan orqaga
Past perfect: had + V3
Ikki oʻtgan voqeadan oldingisi, ayniqsa by, by the time, already, before bilan.
- By 2010, tuition fees had already doubled.
- When I arrived, the lecture had started.
Kelajakdan orqaga
Future perfect: will have + V3
Kelajakdagi nuqtagacha tugallanadigan harakat, odatda by + kelajak vaqti bilan. Task 1dagi prognozlar uchun juda foydali.
- By 2030, the number of online students will have doubled.
- I will have finished my degree by June.
Esda tuting!
Tayanch nuqta hozir → have / has + V3. Oʻtmishda → had + V3. Kelajakda → will have + V3.
Vaqt belgilari
Eshitish uchun bosing. Vaqt iborasi koʻpincha qaysi shakl kerakligini aytadi.
since 2015, so far, in recent years, over the last decade
present perfect
in 2010, five years ago, last year
past simple (tugagan vaqt)
by 2010, by the time, already … before
past perfect
by 2030, by the end of the decade, by then
future perfect
Har kuni tuzatadigan xatolarim
Xato: In 2015, the number of students has increased.Toʻgʻri: In 2015, the number of students increased.
Tugagan yil → present perfect emas, past simple.
Xato: By 2010, fees already doubled.Toʻgʻri: By 2010, fees had already doubled.
By + oʻtgan vaqt → past perfect.
Xato: By 2030, the figure has doubled.Toʻgʻri: By 2030, the figure will have doubled.
By + kelajak vaqti → future perfect.
Xato: I study English since 2018.Toʻgʻri: I have studied / have been studying English since 2018.
Since + hozirgacha → present perfect.
Oʻqituvchingizdan eslatma
Bu xatolar kichik, lekin aynan ular grammatik aniqlik boʻyicha 6 ballni 7 balldan ajratadi.
Speaking imtihonida
- Examiner
Have you ever studied online?
- Kamola
Yes, I have. I’ve taken three online courses so far, mostly in statistics.
- Examiner
Why did you choose online courses?
- Kamola
By the time I started university, I had already decided to work part-time, so I needed something flexible. By next summer I’ll have completed a full certificate.
Ikki javobda uchta perfect shakl, har biri tabiiy va toʻgʻri. Bu grammatik xilma-xillik.
Oʻzingizni tekshiring
“By 2040, sea levels ___ (rise) by 20 cm.”
“When the inspectors arrived, the school ___ (close) for a week.”
“has risen in 2019” nega xato?
Endi navbat sizda!
8 ta qisqa qism, har biri oldingisidan biroz qiyinroq. Shoshilmang: xato qilib oʻrganamiz.
— Oʻqituvchingiz