23-dars · Dars qoʻllanmasi
Past Modals: Should Have, Could Have, Must Have
Salom, aziz oʻquvchim!
Salom! 21- va 22-darslarda modallarni hozirgi zamon uchun ishlatdingiz: you should rest, it must be flu. Bugun modal + have + past participle bilan oʻtmishga qaraymiz.
“I should have gone to the doctor earlier” — oʻtgan xato haqidagi afsus. “It could have been worse” — sodir boʻlmagan imkoniyat. “He must have eaten something bad” esa dalillarga qarab oʻtmish haqidagi xulosa.
Bu shakllar Speaking Part 2da (“Describe a mistake you made”), soʻzlovchilar nima notoʻgʻri ketganini tushuntiradigan Listeningda va oʻtmishdan misol keltiradigan Task 2 esselarida kerak boʻladi.
Mashqlarda koʻrishguncha,Oʻqituvchingiz
Brauzeringizda inglizcha ovoz yoʻq, shuning uchun tinglash tugmalari yashirilgan. Hammasi sahifada yozilgan.
Modal + have + past participle
Afsus
should have / shouldn’t have
should have done — qilmadingiz va bu xato edi. shouldn’t have done — qildingiz va bu xato edi.
- I should have gone to the doctor earlier.
- I shouldn’t have eaten so much cake.
Xulosa
must have / might have / can’t have
Oʻtmish haqida xulosa: ishonch (must have), ehtimol (might / may / could have), imkonsiz (can’t / couldn’t have).
- He must have eaten something bad.
- She might have missed the bus.
- He can’t have caught it at work.
Sodir boʻlmadi
could have
Mumkin edi, lekin sodir boʻlmadi. Koʻpincha: It could have been worse.
- The accident could have been much worse.
- You could have asked me for help!
Esda tuting!
should have — amal qilinmagan yaxshi fikr. must have — sodir boʻlganiga ishonch. could have — mumkin edi, lekin boʻlmadi.
Eshitadigan qisqa shakllar
should’ve
should have
could’ve
could have
must’ve
must have
shouldn’t have
should not have
Koʻp uchraydigan xatolar
Xato: I should have went to bed earlier.Toʻgʻri: I should have gone to bed earlier.
have + past participle (went emas, gone).
Xato: He mustn’t have eaten the fish.Toʻgʻri: He can’t have eaten the fish.
Sodir boʻlmaganiga ishonch → can’t have.
Xato: You should see a doctor yesterday.Toʻgʻri: You should have seen a doctor yesterday.
Oʻtmish → should have + past participle.
Oʻzingizni tekshiring
“I should have rested.” Men dam oldimmi?
“It could have been worse.” Yomonroq boʻldimi?
Endi navbat sizda!
8 ta qisqa qism, har biri oldingisidan biroz qiyinroq. Shoshilmang: xato qilib oʻrganamiz.
— Oʻqituvchingiz